Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of C-17-Amino-Substituted Pyrazole-Fused Betulinic Acid Derivatives as Novel Agents for Osteoarthritis Treatment

A series of pyrazole-fused betulinic acid (BA) derivatives were designed and synthesized by replacing the carboxyl group at C-17 with aliphatic amine, amide, and urea groups. The suppressive effects of the compounds on osteoclast (OC) formation and inflammatory cytokine production were evaluated on murine macrophages, RAW264.7 cells, conditioned with receptor activator for nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)/macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. Results showed that, compared with betulinic acid, most of these compounds exhibited significant improvements in inhibitory potency. Compound 25 exhibited distinguished activities on inhibiting OC differentiation with an IC50 value of 1.86 mu M. Meanwhile, compound 25, displaying the most promising suppression on IL-1 beta secretion from RAW264.7 cells, was further found to possess therapeutic effects in the sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis rat model. Dose-dependent benefits were observed in MIA-elicited rats with ameliorated joint pain as well as decreased cartilage damage and bone changes after compound 25 treatment.