Pore-resolved volume-of-fluid simulations of two-phase flow in porous media: Pore-scale flow mechanisms and regime map

Two-phase flow through porous media is important to the development of secondary and tertiary oil recovery. In the present work, we have simulated oil recovery through a pore-resolved three-dimensional medium using volume-of-fluid method. The effects of wettability and interfacial tension (IFT) on two-phase flow mechanisms are investigated using pore-scale events, oil-phase morphology, forces acting on oil ganglia surfaces, and oil recovery curves, for Capillary numbers (Ca) in the range of 1.2 x 10(-3) to 6 x 10(-1). We found that the two-phase flow through oil-wet medium is governed by pore-by-pore filling mechanism dominated by the Haines-jumps. At low Ca values, a change in the wettability from oil- to neutrally wet resulted into the change of pore-by-pore filling mechanism to co-operative pore filling and as the medium wettability changes from the neutrally to the weakly water-wet, the corner flow events begin to emerge. At low Ca values, the invasion through weakly water-wet porous medium is dominated by co-operative filling and results into an increased oil recovery, whereas the two-phase flow through strongly water-wet medium is governed by corner flow events resulting in a low oil recovery. The corner flow events are found to be a function of not only the medium wettability, but also of Ca and are a characteristic of controlled imbibition. Further, we show that a substantial decrease in the IFT results in a fingerlike invasion at pore-scale, irrespective of the medium wettability. Finally, a two-phase flow regime map is proposed in terms of Ca and contact angle based on the two-phase interface morphology.