Clinical outcomes for congenital heart disease patients presenting with infective endocarditis

Introduction Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening adverse event for patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Its incidence has changed little over time despite progress in techniques for diagnosis and treatment, and guidelines for prophylaxis. Areas covered The review sought for key-words: 'congenital heart disease,' 'infective endocarditis,' 'microbial diagnosis,' 'imaging diagnosis,' 'surgical techniques,' 'prognosis,' 'prophylaxis.' Objectives were to investigate epidemiology, novel techniques for imaging and microbial diagnosis, therapeutic management and prognosis, and guidelines for prophylaxis in patients with CHD. The incidence of IE is increasing in adults with CHD. Morbidity caused by a broad clinical spectrum of cardiac and extracardiac episode-related complications is high. Surgical management is increasingly required in the early phase of the disease. Despite new techniques for diagnosis and microbiological therapy, mortality rate is still up to 10-20%. Expert opinion IE has increased in the growing cohort of adults with complex heart disease, living with residual cardiac lesions and prosthetic materials. Diagnosis is challenging for complex heart defects. Pet-scan technique can provide beneficial information to locate intracardiac lesions and embolic foci. Identification of the microbiological agents is improving. Innovative surgical techniques aim to avoid prosthetic material. Guidelines for prophylaxis currently emphasize oral and skin daily hygiene.