The influence of custom foot orthoses on lower extremity running mechanics

Objective: The primary objective of this review was to synthesize the literature related to the use of foot orthoses and how they can potentially alter lower extremity running biomechanics and neuromuscular activity. Data sources: Literature sources from a broad range of scientific journals were searched, focusing primarily on literature describing studies which directly related to orthoses and their effect on lower extremity running biomechanics. Study section: Data were primarily reviewed from experimental and epidemiological studies. Data extraction: Only data from research published in refereed journals or professional conference proceedings were presented in this review. Data synthesis: While the clinical efficacy of orthoses is widely documented, the mechanism behind that success is not well understood. Many biomechanical and electromyographic (EMG) investigations have been conducted to understand the alterations in lower extremity kinematics, kinetics, and muscle EMG when running in an orthotic device. However, there are several methodological differences across these studies including healthy versus injured individuals, types of orthoses used, and variables of interest. Conclusions: Overall, foot orthoses are effective in the treatment of overuse injury. However, those studies investigating the effect of foot orthoses on the lower extremity kinematics and kinetics have reported conflicting results.