Duality of singular linear systems of fractional nabla difference equations

The main objective of this article is to provide a link between the solutions of an initial value problem of a linear singular system of fractional nabla difference equations, its proper dual system and its transposed dual system. By taking into consideration the case that the coefficients are square constant matrices with the leading coefficient singular, we study the prime system and by using the invariants of its pencil we give necessary and sufficient conditions for existence and uniqueness of solutions. After we prove that by using the pencil of the prime system we can study the existence and uniqueness of solutions of the proper dual system and the transposed dual system. Moreover their solutions, when they exist, can be explicitly represented without resorting to further processes of computations for each one separately. Finally, numerical examples are given based on a singular fractional nabla real dynamical system to justify our theory. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.