Catecholamines and heart function in heart transplant patients:: Effects of β1- versus nonselective β-blockade

Objectives: To evaluate cardiac responses to norepinephrine and epinephrine in heart transplant patients compared with patients with mild essential hypertension and to evaluate the contribution of beta(2)-receptors versus beta(1)-receptors to the cardiac responses by assessing the effects of the 2 agonists after treatment with placebo compared with the beta(1)-selective blocker atenolol and the nonselective blocker nadolol. Methods: A double-blind, randomized crossover design was used to study patients after administration of placebo, atenolol, or nadolol for 2 weeks. Infusion of norepinephrine was performed at incremental rates of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 ng/kg/min and of epinephrine at rates of 20, 40, 80, and 120 ng/kg/min. Blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular function (by echocardiogram), and venous plasma concentrations were assessed at rest and at the end of each infusion rate. Results: Infusion of epinephrine and norepinephrine was associated with 3-fold and 2-fold higher increases, respectively, in plasma concentrations in the transplant patients versus patients with hypertension. Enhanced blood pressure responses to either agonist were found in the transplant patients, but not when venous plasma concentrations were considered. Norepinephrine decreased heart rate and cardiac index in patients with hypertension receiving placebo and more markedly when receiving atenolol and nadolol. In contrast, heart transplant patients showed increases in heart rate, ejection fraction, and cardiac index, which largely were blocked (but not reversed into decreases) by atenolol and nadolol. In patients with hypertension receiving placebo, epinephrine increased heart rate, ejection fraction, and cardiac index. These responses were enhanced in transplant patients, also relative to plasma concentrations. Atenolol had only minor effects on these cardiac responses. On nadolol epinephrine decreased heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac index in the patients with hypertension, whereas the transplant patients receiving nadolol showed no longer increases in cardiac function by epinephrine. Conclusions: Both absence of parasympathetic buffering and diminished systemic clearance contributed to the enhanced cardiac responses to infusion of norepinephrine and epinephrine in heart transplant patients compared with patients with essential hypertension. Cardiac beta(2)-receptors mediate most of the chronotropic and inotropic responses to epinephrine in both patients with hypertension and heart transplant patients.