Microenvironment Engineering for the Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction Reaction

Rather than just focusing on the catalyst itself in the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (eCO(2)RR), as previously reviewed elsewhere, we herein extend the discussion to the special topic of the microenvironment around the electrocatalytic center and present a comprehensive overview of recent research progress. We categorize the microenvironment based on the components relevant to electrocatalytic active sites, i.e., the catalyst surface, substrate, co-reactants, electrolyte, membrane, and reactor. Supported by most of the reported articles, the relevant factors affecting the catalytic performance of eCO(2)RR are then discussed in detail, and existing challenges and potential solutions are mentioned. Perspectives for the future research on eCO(2)RR, including the integration of different microenvironment factors, the extension to industrial application by coupling with carbon capture and conversion, and separation of products, are also discussed.