Semiconductor spintronics: Role of the valence-band holes

Two aspects related to valence-band hole spin are considered: spin surfaces in p-type semiconductors and flipping of the hole spin by an ultrashort electric field pulse. It is shown that heavy, light, and split-off holes have different spin surfaces. In general, the shape of the surface in real semiconductors may depend on the hole wave vector direction and magnitude. The concept of spin surface is used to explain very strong anisotropy of hole spin injection efficiency observed recently in ferromagnetic-semiconductor structures and in optimizing ultrafast spin switching. It was shown that, of all spin flipping mechanisms, the most effective one is associated with hole transfer between different spin surfaces in high electric fields. The less effective mechanisms are related to valence band warping and nonparabolicity. Examples of the hole spin flipping dynamics and the discussion on ultrafast control of spin in semiconductors by T-type electrical pulses are presented.