Managing the global commons: common good or common sink?

The global commons, comprising the areas and resources beyond the sovereignty of any state, build upon the heritage of Grotius's idea of mare liberum - an idea that aimed to preserve the freedom of access for the benefit of all. However, the old mare liberum idea digressed into 'first come, first served' advantages for industrialised countries. Especially at the initiative of developing countries, it has now been replaced by a new law of international cooperation and protection of natural wealth and resources beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. The global commons have thus served as the laboratory for testing new legal principles and the rights and corollary duties emanating from them. Occasionally path-breaking innovations in regulation have been practised, most notably the imposition of a ban on whaling, penalties for the production and use of ozone-depleting substances and the freezing of claims to sovereignty over Antarctica.