The Role of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Sickle Cell Disease Saudi Patients

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited disorder of hemoglobin structure and synthesis, with chronic hemolysis, repeated infections, and recurring microcirculation occlusions. Cytokines play a role in hemopoiesis control, immune function suppression, and the development of growth deficits. This study aimed to determine and analyze some important pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-8, IL-18, IL-1 beta, and TNF-alpha) levels and compare them in patients with SCD versus healthy males and females of the general Saudi population. This comparison helps to explain the possible role of cytokines in the development of SCD and the effect of hydroxyurea on the cytokines. A cohort study was performed that included 56 patients Sickle cell anemia patients with hydroxyurea (SCAHU) and Sickle cell anemia patients without hydroxyurea (SCA) and 22 controls (healthy group). Plasma cytokine concentration was detected using ELISA and compared in the different groups. The results of this study showed that there were significant differences in the levels of cytokines between the control, SCA, and SCAHU groups. Data showed that plasma cytokine levels were significantly higher in the SCAHU group compared to the control. Additionally, plasma cytokine levels were significantly higher in SCA group compared to the control individuals. However, there was no significant differences between the SCA and SCAHU groups. The current observations suggest that cytokine levels are associated with SCD, and hydroxyurea does not have an effect on controlling the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in patients. The persistently elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines significantly contribute to the pathogenesis and the severity of pain in Sickle cell anemia.