Low N2O emissions associated with sheep excreta deposition in temperate managed lowland grassland and extensively grazed hill pasture

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) whose emission from soil can be enhanced by ruminant excretal returns in grasslands. The default (Tier 1) emission factors (EF3PRP; i.e. proportion of deposited nitrogen emitted as N2O) for ruminant excreta deposition are associated with a wide range of uncertainties and the development of country-specific (Tier 2) EF(3PRP )is encouraged. In Ireland, a Tier 2 EF3PRP has been developed for cattle excreta but no data are available for sheep. The aim of this study was to generate data to contribute to the derivation of a Tier 2 EF3PRP for sheep excreta, while assessing the effect of excreta type, grassland type and season of deposition on N2O emissions. An experiment was carried out on two sites in the west of Ireland: a managed lowland grassland (LOW) and an extensively grazed hill pasture (HILL), characterised by mineral and acid peat soils, respectively. For each season, four treatments were applied to the soil in a fully randomized block design: control (C), sheep urine (U), sheep dung (D), and artificial urine (AU). Nitrous oxide fluxes were assessed over a full year following each application of treatments, using a static chambers methodology. Results showed a brief initial peak following each application of U/AU in LOW but not in HILL. Cumulative N2O emissions were significantly higher from the lowland site. Average EF3PRP for combined excreta was negligible on both sites, thus lower than the IPCC Tier 1 EF3PRP. Causes of low emissions are likely to depend on site characteristics (e.g. soil acidity in HILL) and season of application (i.e. ammonia volatilisation in summer). This study showed very low N2O emissions from sheep excretal returns in Irish grasslands and highlighted the importance of developing Tier 2, animal-specific EF3PRP. More experimental grasslands should be assessed to confirm these results.