Synergistic activation of the human adrenomedullin gene promoter by Sp1 and AP-2α

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a potent vasodilator peptide, which is ubiquitously expressed and has various biological actions, such as proliferative action and anti-oxidative stress action. AM expression is induced by various stresses, such as hypoxia and inflammatory cytokines, and during cell differentiation. The human AM gene promoter region (-70/-29) contains binding sites for stimulatory protein 1 (Sp1) and activator protein-2 alpha (AP-2 alpha), and has been shown to be important for the AM gene expression during cell differentiation to macrophages or adipocytes. We here show that Sp1 and AP-2 alpha synergistically activate the AM gene promoter. Co-transfection of the reporter plasmid containing the AM promoter region (-103/-29) with Sp1 and AP-2 alpha. expression plasmids showed that Sp1 and AP-2 alpha synergistically increased the promoter activity in HeLa cells. Sp1 or AP-2 alpha alone caused only small increases in the promoter activity. EMSA showed that Sp1 bound to the promoter region (-70/-29), whereas AP-2 alpha bound to a more upstream promoter region (-103/-71). Thus, the synergistic activation of the human AM gene promoter by Sp1 and AP-2 alpha may be mediated by the binding of Sp1 to the promoter region (-70/-29) and the interaction with AP-2 alpha, which binds to the promoter region (-103/-71). (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Inc.