Glucose-Induced Biofilm Formation in Bacillus thuringiensis KPWP1 is Associated with Increased Cell Surface Hydrophobicity and Increased Production of Exopolymeric Substances

Bacillus thuringiensis is an agriculturally and medically important bacteria as it produces insecticidal Cry proteins and can form biofilm on different plant surfaces. Previous studies reported that the ubiquitous carbon source glucose could induce restricted motility and fractal pattern formation in the growing colonies of pH, salt and arsenate tolerant Bacillus thuringiensis KPWP1. As bacteria are evolved with the ability to exhibit multicellular behavior and biofilm formation under limiting conditions for survival, the present study was focused on exploring the effect of glucose in biofilm formation by Bacillus thuringiensis KPWP1. A significant rise in biofilm loads was observed with increased glucose concentrations in growth media. Compared to control, six times more biofilm load was marked in presence of 2% of glucose. Interestingly, it was observed that the effect was glucose specific and also not due to any change in the sugar-induced physicochemical property of the growth media as the addition of galactose or arabinose could not induce any significant increase in KPWP1 biofilm load. Scanning electron-, confocal laser scanning-microscopic studies and biochemical tests revealed that increased concentrations of glucose could induce increased production of exopolymeric substances, increased number of densely-packed micro-colonies in KPWP1 biofilm and increased hydrophobicity and adherence properties in KPWP1cells.