Immune defense against infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is complex and involves both host innate and adaptive immune systems. It is well accepted that the development of sufficient HBV-specific T cell and B cell responses are required for controlling an HBV infection. However, the contribution of innate immunity to removing HBV has been explored in recent years. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognized as the first line of antiviral immunity because they initiate intracellular signaling pathways to induce antiviral mediators such as interferons (IFNs) and other cytokines. Recent studies show that the activation of TLR-mediated signaling pathways results in a suppression of HBV replication in vitro and in vivo. However, HBV has also evolved strategies to counter TLR responses including the suppression of TLR expression and the blockage of downstream signaling pathways. Antiviral treatment in chronic HBV-infected patients leads to an upregulation of TLR expression and the restoration of its innate antiviral functions. Thus, TLR activation may serve as an additional immunotherapeutic option for treating chronic HBV infection in combination with antiviral treatment.
机构:
Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Med Sci, Dept Microbiol & Cell Biol, Tokyo 1568506, JapanKagoshima Univ, Joint Fac Vet Med, Transboundary Anim Dis Ctr, Kagoshima 8900065, Japan
Kohara, Michinori
Tsukiyama-Kohara, Kyoko
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Kagoshima Univ, Joint Fac Vet Med, Transboundary Anim Dis Ctr, Kagoshima 8900065, JapanKagoshima Univ, Joint Fac Vet Med, Transboundary Anim Dis Ctr, Kagoshima 8900065, Japan
机构:
Xinjiang Med Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Dept Infect Dis, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, Peoples R ChinaXinjiang Med Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Dept Infect Dis, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, Peoples R China
Lu, Xiaobo
Xu, Qi
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Xinjiang Med Univ, Coll Basic Med Sci, Dept Immunol, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, Peoples R ChinaXinjiang Med Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Dept Infect Dis, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, Peoples R China
Xu, Qi
Bu, Xianyu
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Xinjiang Med Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Dept Infect Dis, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, Peoples R ChinaXinjiang Med Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Dept Infect Dis, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, Peoples R China
Bu, Xianyu
Ma, Xiuming
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Xinjiang Med Univ, Coll Basic Med Sci, Dept Immunol, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, Peoples R ChinaXinjiang Med Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Dept Infect Dis, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, Peoples R China
Ma, Xiuming
Zhang, Fengbo
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Xinjiang Med Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Dept Infect Dis, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, Peoples R ChinaXinjiang Med Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Dept Infect Dis, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, Peoples R China
Zhang, Fengbo
Deng, Qiang
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机构:
Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Pasteur Shanghai, Shanghai 200025, Peoples R ChinaXinjiang Med Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Dept Infect Dis, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, Peoples R China
Deng, Qiang
Zhang, Yuexin
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Xinjiang Med Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Dept Infect Dis, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, Peoples R ChinaXinjiang Med Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Dept Infect Dis, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, Peoples R China
Zhang, Yuexin
Ding, Jianbing
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机构:
Xinjiang Med Univ, Coll Basic Med Sci, Dept Immunol, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, Peoples R ChinaXinjiang Med Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Dept Infect Dis, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, Peoples R China
Ding, Jianbing
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY,
2014,
7
(09):
: 6048
-
6055
机构:
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
Narayan Nepal
Shi-Zhu Jin
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机构:
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University