Optimal scheduling of distributed energy resources in smart grids: A complementarity approach

Utilizing electric vehicles in transportation systems has emerged as a promising approach for reducing amount of fossil fuels. In order to provide a procedure to derive the optimal charging/discharging strategy of these vehicles, this paper proposes a bilevel approach in which distribution system operator and parking lot operator are its two main levels. In the upper-level, the objective is minimizing distribution system operator cost considering all available resources in the system including renewable generation and parking lot and in the lower-level the parking minimizes its own cost. In addition, the renewable generation uncertainty is covered through spinning reserve provided by both parking lot and distributed generations. The proposed method is able to strategically determine the amount of energy and reserve interacted between two operators through integrated operation of all the resources in the network. The bilevel problem is reduced to a single level optimization problem by using of a mathematical problem with equilibrium constraints. The results show that the use of parking lot in reserve scheduling changes the scheduling of other available resources in the system. Moreover, by implementing the proposed model, the global optimal performance for distribution system operator with various interactions can be achieved by the equilibrium point. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.