Immunotherapy for treating methamphetamine, heroin and cocaine use disorders

Drug addiction is a serious health problem prevalent worldwide. Currently available therapies including pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy are insufficient to meet the clinical needs for treating drug abuse. Recently, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach to treat such drug-use disorders. Pharmacokinetic antagonists are used in immunotherapy, functioning by sequestering the drugs in the periphery but without allowing the drug to cross the blood-brain barrier. This can reduce the toxic and rewarding effects of the drugs, while preventing addiction and facilitating reduced relapse rates. Herein, we update recent developments in the immunotherapeutic strategies to treat abuse of drugs like methamphetamine, heroin and cocaine. In addition, we summarize the drug design used so far and its optimization strategies. Further, we document the efficacy of anti-drug vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, with an aim to promote development of new anti-drug immunotherapies.