A second look at the second law of thermodynamics

The essence of the second law of classical thermodynamics is the,entropy principle' which asserts the existence of an additive and extensive entropy function, S, that is defined for all equilibrium states of thermodynamic systems and whose increase characterizes the possible state changes under adiabatic conditions. It is one of the few really fundamental physical laws (in the sense that no deviation, however tiny, is permitted) and its consequences are far reaching. This principle is independent of models, statistical mechanical or otherwise, and can be understood without recourse to Carnot cycles, ideal gases and other assumptions about such things as 'heat', 'temperature', 'reversible processes', etc., as is usually done. Also the well known formula of statistical mechanics, S =-Sigma p log p, is not needed for the derivation of the entropy principle.