Significance of thermal radiation, Lorentz force, and non-Darcian porous medium on the dynamics of second-grade fluid subject to exponential stretching sheet

This paper studies the non-Newtonian fluid flow over an exponential non-Darcian permeable stretching sheet. The heat generation and non-linear radiation effects are inspected for second-grade fluid flow by employing MHD normal to the flow. The mathematical model is developed in partial differential equations under the boundary layer approximations. These equations are reduced by employing similarity transformations in ordinary differential equations. The ordinary differential equations in dimensionless forms are solved by using the numerical procedure bvp4c method. The involved physical parameters impacts are explained via graphs and tables. The horizontal velocity function enlarges the porosity parameter because the porous media behaves as a barrier (opposes) to the flow. The vertical velocity diminishes with higher values of variable viscosity parameters because the rising viscosity is associated with increasing flow resistance, which lessens the fluid's velocity. The vertical velocity gets lower values as the values of magneto hydrodynamic parameter rise, causing a reduction in flow velocity, and as a result, graph vertical velocity falls. However, as the magnetohydrodynamic parameter increases, liquid surface penetration in the wall region rises.