Carbon-Oriented Operational Planning in Coupled Electricity and Emission Trading Markets

Carbon financing policies such as emission trading have been used to assist in emission mitigation worldwide. As energy end-users/consumers are the underlying driver of emissions, it would be difficult to effectively mitigate carbon emissions by creating an emission trading market without active end-users' involvement. In electricity markets, demand side management (DSM) in the smart grid can manage demands in response to power supply conditions and influence end-users to contribute to improving both network efficiency and economic efficiency. However, it is a relatively new topic to study the environmental benefits of DSM. This paper proposes a two-stage scheduling model to comprehensively investigate the environmental benefits of consumers participating in both electricity and carbon emission trading markets through active DSM. A developed zero sum gains-data envelopment analysis (ZSG-DEA) model based multi-criteria allocation scheme for emission allocation is employed. Meanwhile, the carbon emission flow model (CEF) is applied to track the "virtual" carbon flow accompanying power flow. According to case studies on the IEEE 24-bus system and IEEE 118-bus system, the proposed model can effectively achieve carbon emission mitigation and provide consumers extra environmental benefits in some scenarios. This model can be an important guide for governments to establish emission trading schemes.