Characterization of noradrenaline release in the locus coeruleus of freely moving awake rats by in vivo microdialysis

Rationale: The origin and regulation of noradrenaline (NA) in the locus coeruleus (LC) is unknown. Objectives: The neurochemical features of NA overflow ( nerve impulse dependence, neurotransmitter synthesis, vesicle storage, reuptake, alpha(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated regulation) were characterized in the LC. Methods: Brain microdialysis was performed in awake rats. Dialysates were analyzed for NA. Results: NA in the LC decreased via local infusion of Ca2+-free medium (-42 +/- 5%) or the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxine ( TTX) (- 47 +/- 8%) but increased (333 +/- 40%) via KCl-induced depolarization. The tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) inhibitor alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (250 mg kg(-1), i.p.) and the vesicle depletory drug reserpine (5 mg kg(-1), i.p.) decreased NA. Therefore, extracellular NA in the LC satisfies the criteria for an impulse flow-dependent vesicular exocytosis of neuronal origin. Local perfusion of the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine ( 0.1 - 100 mu M) decreased NA(E-max=- 79 +/- 5%) in the LC, whereas the opposite effect (E-max= 268 +/- 53%) was observed with the alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor antagonist BRL44408 ( 0.1 - 100 mu M). This suggests a tonic modulation of NA release through local alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors. The selective NA reuptake inhibitor LC increased NA in the LC (E-max= 223 +/- 40%) and simultaneously decreased NA in the cingulate cortex, confirming the modulation exerted by NA in the LC on firing activity of noradrenergic cells and on the subsequent NA release in noradrenergic terminals. Conclusion: Synaptic processes underlying NA release in the LC are similar to those in noradrenergic terminal areas. NA in the LC could represent local somatodendritic release, but also the presence of neurotransmitter release from collateral axon terminals.