Evaluation of Methane Emissions Originating from LNG Ships Based on the Measurements at a Remote Marine Station

We analyzed pollution plumes originating from ships using liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a fuel. Measurements were performed at a station located on the Uto island in the Baltic Sea during 2015-2021 when vessels passed the station along an adjacent shipping lane and the wind direction allowed the measurements. The ratio of the measured concentration peaks Delta CH4/Delta CO2 ranged from 1% to 9% and from 0.1% to 0.5% for low and high pressure dual fuel engines, respectively. The ratio of the measured concentration peaks of Delta NOx/Delta CO2 varied between 0.5% and 8.7%, which was not explained by engine type. The results were consistent with previously measured onboard or test-bed values for the corresponding ratios of emissions. While the methane emissions from high pressure dual fuel engines were found to fulfill the goal of reducing the climatic impacts of shipping, the emissions originating from low pressure dual fuel engines were found to be substantially high, with a potential for increased climatic impacts compared with using traditional marine fuels. Taking only the global warming potential into account, we can suggest a limit value for the methane emissions; the ratio of the emissions Delta CH4/Delta CO2 originating from LNG powered ships should not exceed 1.4%.