Accuracy of equations for predicting 24-h urinary potassium excretion from spot urine samples in Chinese children

Accurate assessments of potassium intake in children are important for the early prevention of CVD. Currently, there is no simple approach for accurate estimation of potassium intake in children. We aim to evaluate the accuracy of 24-h urinary potassium excretion (24UKV) estimation in children using three common equations: the Kawasaki, Tanaka and Mage formulas, in a hospital-based setting. A total of 151 participants aged 5-18 years were initially enrolled, and spot urine samples were collected in the whole 24-h duration to measure the concentrations of potassium and creatinine. We calculated the mean difference, absolute and relative difference and misclassification rate between measured 24UKV and the predicted ones using Kawasaki, Tanaka and Mage formulas in 129 participants. The mean measured 24UKV was 1193 center dot 3 mg/d in our study. Mean differences between estimated and measured 24UKV were 1215 center dot 6, -14 center dot 9 and 230 center dot 3 mg/d by the Kawasaki, Tanaka and Mage formulas, respectively. All estimated 24UKV were significantly different from the measured values in all the time point (all P < 0 center dot 05), except for the predicted values from Tanaka formula using morning, afternoon and evening spot urine. The proportions with relative differences over 40 % were 87 center dot 2%, 32 center dot 5% and 47 center dot 3 % for Kawasaki, Tanaka and Mage formulas, respectively. Misclassification rates were 91 center dot 5 % for Kawasaki, 44 center dot 4 % for Tanaka and 58 center dot 9 % for Mage formula at the individual level. Our findings showed that misclassification could occur on the individual level when using Kawasaki, Tanaka and Mage formulas to estimate 24UKV from spot urine in the child population.