Optimization of clinically applied orthodontic archwire electrothermal treatment conditions by heat tint and mechanical properties: An experimental study

Objective > Electric resistance heat treatment procedures are performed by most orthodontists; however, the effects of electrothermal treatment on the mechanical properties, surface morphology, phase transition, colour and arch width of stainless steel archwires remain controversial and are worthy of investigation. Materials and methods> Stainless steel archwires (0.017 x 0.025 and 0.019 x 0.025 inches) were heat-treated using a spot-welder machine at a power setting of 3 for 5, 10, 15 or 20 s and were then cooled in air. After the heat treatment, we analysed the surface morphology of the samples by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the flexural modulus with a universal testing machine. The changes in phase and the austenite content after heat treatment were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The changes in the colour of the sample were analysed by a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera, and the arch width changes were measured with Vernier calippers. Results > The flexural modulus and austenite content of the orthodontic stainless steel archwires increased after heat treatment (P < 0.05). The colour changed from silver to yellow-brown-blue. Heat treatment of the stainless steel wires increased the inter-canine and inter-molar widths only when the amount of heat received was low. Conclusion > Heat treatment of stainless steel orthodontic archwires using an electric resistance device is an effective and convenient method to improve their flexural modulus. The colour of the wire surface after heat treatment can help determine the heating conditions, and the maximum flexural modulus of the stainless steel wires was obtained when the colour changed to brownish yellow.