Tsunami backwash deposits with Chicxulub impact ejecta and dinosaur remains from the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary in the La Popa Basin, Mexico

The La Popa Basin in north-eastern Mexico features outstanding, continuous three-dimensional exposures of the CretaceousPalaeogene boundary event deposit in shallow shelf environments pierced by salt stocks. In the area to the south-east of the El Papalote diapir, the CretaceousPalaeogene deposit consists of two superimposed sedimentary units and erosively overlies upper Maastrichtian sand-siltstones with soft-sediment deformation and liquefaction structures. The basal unit 1 is an up to 8 m thick chaotic, carbonate-rich bed that discontinuously fills incised gutters and channels. Besides abundant silicic and carbonate ejecta spherules from the Chicxulub impact, unit 1 includes large sandstone boulders and abundant shallow-water debris (for example, mud clasts, algae, bivalve shells, gastropod shells and vertebrate remains). Unit 1 is conformably overlain by unit 2. Distal to the diapir, unit 2 consists of a centimetre to decimetre-thick conglomeratic, coarse bioclast and spherule-bearing sandstone bed. Closer to the diapir, unit 2 becomes a metre-thick series of four to eight conglomeratic to fine-grained graded sandstone beds rich in shell debris and ejecta spherules. Unit 2 is conformably overlain by structureless to parallel laminated sandstone beds that may mark the return to the pre-event depositional regime. The sedimentary characteristics of the CretaceousPalaeogene deposit, including its erosive base, its sheet-like geometry, the presence of multiple, graded beds, evidence for upper flow regime conditions and the absence of bioturbation, support an origin by a short-term multiphase depositional event. The occurrence of soft-sediment deformation structures (for example, liquefaction) below the CretaceousPalaeogene deposit suggests that earthquakes were the first to occur at La Popa. Then, shelf collapse and strong backflow from the first tsunami waves may have triggered erosion and deposition by violent ejecta-rich hyperconcentrated density flows (unit 1). Subsequently, a series of concentrated density flows resulting from tsunami backwash surges may have deposited the multiple-graded bedding structures of unit 2. The specific depositional sequence and the Fe-Mg-rich as well as Si-K-rich composition of the ejecta spherules both provide a critical link to the well-known deep marine CretaceousPalaeogene boundary sites in the adjacent Burgos basin in north-eastern Mexico. Moreover, the pulse-like input of Chicxulub ejecta material at the base of the event deposit allows for correlation with other CretaceousPalaeogene boundary sites in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic, as well as in Central and Northern America. The presence of diverse dinosaur and mosasur bones and teeth in the event deposit is the first observation of such remains together with Chicxulub ejecta material. These findings indicate that dinosaurs lived in the area during the latest Maastrichtian and suggest that the tsunami waves not only eroded deltas and estuaries but the coastal plain as well.