Quantifying the response of surface urban heat island to urban greening in global north megacities

Urban heat island, a phenomenon that urban temperature is higher than the rural area nearby, affects directly citizens' human health and well-being. However, the cooling effect from urban green space (UGS) and the attribution of the different land processes to surface urban heat island intensity (SUHI) under different background climates remains unclear. The coarse-grained model was used to estimate summer SUHI in three different background climatic zones and for seven agglomerations (BTH, JP, LD, NAAC, NAGL, YZ, UQ). Results indicate that (1) the temperate zone had the highest daytime SUHI (0-10 degrees C), while the arid zone has the lowest daytime SUHI (-1-2 degrees C). In both temperate and cold zone, the daytime SUHI was higher than the nighttime SUHI. The SUHI in downtown was higher (more than 2 degrees C) than in the suburbs. (2) The increasing precipitation can enhance daytime SUHI while can weaken nighttime SUHI in all three climatic zones. The increasing temperature tends to enhance SUHI in both daytime and nighttime (exclude UQ). (3) The cooling effects of UGS in daytime SUHI were highly dependent on the background climate (cold > temperate > arid). (4) The nighttime SUHI could be effectively offset when UGSFs were greater than 0.48, 0.82, 0.97, 0.95 in NAAC, NAGL, YZ, and UQ. This article highlights the different feedback of urban green space to UHII and supports green infrastructure intervention as an effective means of reducing urban heat stress at urban agglomeration scales. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.