Time-restricted feeding improves blood glucose and insulin sensitivity in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial

Background Time-restricted feeding is an emerging dietary intervention that is becoming increasingly popular. There are, however, no randomised clinical trials of time-restricted feeding in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes. Here, we explored the effects of time-restricted feeding on glycaemic regulation and weight changes in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes over 12 weeks. Methods Overweight adults with type 2 diabetes (n = 120) were randomised 1:1 to two diet groups: time-restricted feeding (n = 60) or control (n = 60). Sixty patients participated in a 10-h restricted feeding treatment program (ad libitum feeding from 8:00 to 18:00 h; fasting between 18:00 and 8:00 h) for 12 weeks. Results Haemoglobin A1c and body weight decreased in the time-restricted feeding group (- 1.54% +/- 0.19 and - 2.98 +/- 0.43 kg, respectively) relative to the control group over 12 weeks (p < 0.001). Homeostatic model assessment of beta-cell function and insulin resistance changed in the time-restricted feeding group (0.73 +/- 0.21, p = 0.005; - 0.51 +/- 0.08, p = 0.02, respectively) compared with the control group. The medication effect score, SF-12 score, and the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were improved in the time-restricted feeding group (- 0.66 +/- 0.17, p = 0.006; 5.92 +/- 1.38, p < 0.001; - 0.23 +/- 0.08 mmol/L, p = 0.03; - 0.32 +/- 0.07 mmol/L, p = 0.01; - 0.42 +/- 0.13 mmol/L, p = 0.02, respectively) relative to the control group. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion These results suggest that 10-h restricted feeding improves blood glucose and insulin sensitivity, results in weight loss, reduces the necessary dosage of hypoglycaemic drugs and enhances quality of life. It can also offer cardiovascular benefits by reducing atherosclerotic lipid levels. Trial registration: This study was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-IPR-15006371).