The visual perception of three-dimensional length

A set of 4 experiments evaluated observers' sensitivity to three-dimensional (3-D) length, using both discrimination and adjustment paradigms with computer-generated optical pat terns and real objects viewed directly in a natural environment. Although observers were highly sensitive to small differences in two-dimensional length for line segments presented in the frontoparallel plane, their discrimination thresholds increased by an order of magnitude when the line segments were presented at random orientations in 3-D space. There were also large failures of constancy, such that the perception of 3-D length varied systematically with viewing distance, even under full-cue conditions.