Plasma Concentrations of Ferritin in Early Pregnancy Are Associated with Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Women in the Danish National Birth Cohort

Background: Evidence from experimental studies has demonstrated that higher than normal iron concentrations can lead to pancreatic beta cell dysfunction and impaired glucose metabolism. Studies on body iron stores in early pregnancy and subsequent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk are sparse. Objective: Our objective was to determine whether biomarkers of body iron stores measured in early pregnancy are associated with GDM risk. Methods: A case-control study of 350 GDM cases and 349 non-GDM controls was conducted in participants from the Danish National Birth Cohort. Blood was collected at a mean +/- SD gestational age of 9.4 +/- 3.2 wk. Plasma biomarkers of iron stores, including ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), were measured. Logistic regression was used to estimate the OR of GDM associated with quintiles of plasma biomarkers of body iron stores, controlling for maternal age, family history of diabetes, exercise in pregnancy, parity, and prepregnancy body mass index (BM). Results: Cases were older (mean +/- SD age: 32.2 +/- 4.3 compared with 29.9 +/- 4.2 y) and had a higher BMI (in kg/m(2); mean SD: 28.7 +/- 6.0 compared with 24.1 +/- 4.6) than controls. Plasma concentrations of both ferritin and sTfR in early pregnancy were significantly higher in GDM cases than in controls [means +/- SDs: 80.6 +/- 56.0 compared with 71.8 +/- 50.1 mu g/L (P = 0.03) and 1.5 +/- 0.7 compared with 1.4 +/- 0.6 mg/L (P = 0.002) for ferritin and sTfR, respectively]. Ferritin was positively and significantly associated with GDM risk even after adjustment for major risk factors of GDM, including prepregnancy BMI. ORs across increasing quintiles of ferritin were 1.00 (reference), 1.25 (95% CI: 0.70, 2.22), 1.89 (95% CI: 1.06, 3.37), 0.82 (95% CI: 0.46, 1.48), and 2.34 (95% CI: 1.30, 4.21) (P-linear trend = 0.02). Conclusion: These findings suggest that plasma ferritin measured in early pregnancy is significantly and positively associated with GDM risk.