Chinese terms of address for Jews from the Tang to the Qing dynasty

The earliest documentation of Jews entering ancient China has been shown to be in the Tang dynasty. From then to the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the terms of address for the Jewish communities recorded in Chinese historical documents surface in different ways, among which Shilui, Shuhu, Gujiao, Tianzhu Jioa, Lanmao Huihui, Tiaojin Jiao, Rudeya and so on had been the most influential until Youtai was coined by Karl Friedlich Gutzlaff in 1833. The conventions for addressing Jews fall into two categories, transliteration and meaning-based translation. The former is indicated by such diverse terms as Shihu, Shuhu, Youtai and their homophones. The latter is mainly shown by the ways in which Kifeng Jews were addressed. Historical study of the terms of address for Jews deepens our understanding of the interactions between the Jewish and the Chinese civilizations.