Surface cleanliness effect on lunar soil shear strength

Lunar soil consists of dry silty sand. Observations and measurements conducted during Surveyor, Apollo, and Luna missions indicated that the lunar soil is unusually cohesive. This is attributable to the fact that thick layers of adsorbed gases, which coat and lubricate soil particles on Earth, are absent in the ultrahigh vacuum on the Moon. "Surface cleanliness" is introduced as a new parameter for describing soils in different planetary environments. It is defined as the dimensionless inverse of adsorbate thickness on solid surfaces. By this definition, the ultrahigh vacuum on the Moon is associated with high surface cleanliness, while Earth's atmosphere is associated with low surface cleanliness. A model is developed to calculate surface cleanliness and its effect on shear strength in any planetary environment. Results obtained from the model compare well with data from previous ultrahigh vacuum and variable temperature laboratory experiments on Earth soils. It is shown that surface cleanliness is an important parameter with respect to lunar soil shear strength.