Effect of debris-flow sediment grain-size distribution on fan morphology

Knowledge of how debris flows result in the fan-shaped morphology around a channel outlet is crucial for mitigation of debris-flow-related disasters and investigation of previous sediment transport from the upper channel. Therefore, using a flume connected to a deposition area (inundation plane), this study conducted fan-morphology experiments to assess the effects of differences in grain-size distribution within debris flows on changes in fan morphology. Two types of debris-flow material, i.e., monogranular particles comprising monodispersed sediment particles and multigranular particles comprising polydispersed sediment particles, were used to generate monogranular and multigranular experimental debris flows, respectively. By adjusting the average grain size coincident between the monogranular and multigranular flows, we generated two types of debris flow with similar debris mixture hydrographs but different grain-size distributions in the flume. Although the flow depths were mostly similar between the monogranular and multigranular flows before the start of the debris-flow runout at the deposition area, the runout distances of the front of the multigranular flows were shorter than those of the monogranular flows. The difference in runout distance was responsible for the variations in the extent to and location in which the debris flows changed their direction of descent, resulting in the different shapes and morphologies of the fans in response to grain-size distribution. Although the direction of descent of the flows changed repeatedly, the extent of morphological symmetry of the debris-flow fans increased at a similar time during fan formation irrespective of the grain-size distribution. In contrast to this similarity in the rate of change in fan symmetry, the shift of the multigranular flow directions eventually increased the extent of asymmetry in fan morphology and expanded the scale of deviations in fan morphology between experimental test runs. Therefore, wide-ranging grain-size distributions within debris flows likely result in complex fan morphology with a high degree of asymmetry.