Effective Atomic Number, Mass Attenuation Coefficient Parameterization, and Implications for High-Energy X-Ray Cargo Inspection Systems

The most widely used technology for the non-intrusive active inspection of cargo containers and trucks is x-ray radiography at high energies (4-9 MeV). Technologies such as dual-energy imaging, spectroscopy, and statistical waveform analysis can be used to estimate the effective atomic number (Z(eff)) of the cargo from the x-ray transmission data, because the mass attenuation coefficient depends on energy as well as atomic number Z. The estimated effective atomic number, Z(eff), of the cargo then leads to improved detection capability of contraband and threats, including special nuclear materials (SNM) and shielding. In this context, the exact meaning of effective atomic number (for mixtures and compounds) is generally not well-defined. Physics-based parameterizations of the mass attenuation coefficient have been given in the past, but usually for a limited low-energy range. Definitions of Z(eff) have been based, in part, on such parameterizations. Here, we give an improved parameterization at low energies (20-1000 keV) which leads to a well-defined Z(eff). We then extend this parameterization up to energies relevant for cargo inspection (10 MeV), and examine what happens to the Z(eff) definition at these higher energies. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.