The study analyses the bases, contexts, processes, obstacles and prospects of the Slovak school system after 1989. It deals with the individual phases of the transformation process, their characteristic features and inconsistencies. Based on the primary level of education, it documents the unsystematic and inconsistent changes at the level of state policy in confrontation with the micro-level of schools and teachers. By analysing the current situation, the study points out the existing and serious limitations of real systematic changes resulting from the absence of a true contextual reform, the passivity and discouragement of teachers, as well as their university preparation.