Knee Articular Cartilage Segmentation from MR Images: A Review

Articular cartilage (AC) is a flexible and soft yet stiff tissue that can be visualized and interpreted using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for the assessment of knee osteoarthritis. Segmentation of AC from MR images is a challenging task that has been investigated widely. The development of computational methods to segment AC is highly dependent on various image parameters, quality, tissue structure, and acquisition protocol involved. This review focuses on the challenges faced during AC segmentation from MR images followed by the discussion on computational methods for semi/fully automated approaches, whilst performances parameters and their significances have also been explored. Furthermore, hybrid approaches used to segment AC are reviewed. This review indicates that despite the challenges in AC segmentation, the semiautomated method utilizing advanced computational methods such as active contour and clustering have shown significant accuracy. Fully automated AC segmentation methods have obtained moderate accuracy and show suitability for extensive clinical studies whilst advanced methods are being investigated that have led to achieving significantly better sensitivity. In conclusion, this review indicates that research in AC segmentation from MR images is moving towards the development of fully automated methods using advanced multi-level, multi-data, and multi-approach techniques to provide assistance in clinical studies.