Extended graphical approach for the implementation of energy-consuming negative emission technologies

The implementation of negative emission technologies (NETs) is vital to limit global warming to manageable levels. Despite the lack of technological maturity of NETs, their full-scale implementations are expected to take place within the next few decades. Potential interactions with energy infrastructures need to be considered during scale-up. This paper develops a graphical targeting technique for the implementation of energy-consuming NETs (EC-NETs) for sustainable energy planning. The graphical targeting technique is illustrated using a case study, which demonstrates the usefulness of EC-NETs for an effective carbon management strategy. However, the energy demand of EC-NETs requires compensation from additional renewable energy sources. The deployment of CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) decreases the requirement of renewable energy sources by 88%. On the other hand, the implementation of EC-NETs coupled with energy-producing NETs (EP-NETs) eliminates the need for renewable energy sources to compensate for the incremental demand, as EP-NETs supplies the energy requirements of EC-NETs. CCS deployment reduces the use of EP-NETs by 82%. The case studies illustrate how a systematic methodology for integrated energy planning can optimise decarbonisation while minimising the impacts on energy infrastructure.