Early and immediate loading of titanium implants with fluoride-modified surfaces: results of 5-year prospective study

Objective: Multiple experimental and animal studies have shown that topographic, mechanical and chemical properties of implant surfaces lead to in vivo responses such as increased bone formation, increased bone anchorage and reduced healing time. A fluoride modification of the titanium implant surface also seems to positively influence bone anchorage as compared with unmodified titanium implants. Using implant survival and marginal bone loss as primary outcome parameters, the purpose of the present prospective study was to investigate whether a fluoride modification of the titanium implant surface has positive clinical effects.