Janus metallic mesoporous silica nanoparticles: Unique structures for cancer theranostics

Janus metallic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (JMMSNs) possess biphasic geometries of distinct compositions or anisotropic structures that provide unique optical, magnetic, thermal, and electric properties for combined diagnosis and therapy in a potentially synergistic and stimuli-responsive manner. Here, we review the recent progress in the rational design and development of JMMSNs for cancer theranostics. We first introduce magnetic JMMSNs as a multifunctional platform to perform magnetic field-mediated circulating tumor cell isolation and detection, cancer-targeting, magnetic resonance imaging, and hyperthermia therapy. We then detail plasmonic JMMSNs for surface-enhanced Raman scattering based detection, computed tomography, photoacoustic imaging, and photo-and radio-responsive therapies. Finally, we highlight upconversion JMMSNs for photoactivation-based drug release and therapy, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Overall, we summarize the advantages of JMMSNs that make them promising for cancer theranostic applications.