HIF-2α promotes conversion to a stem cell phenotype and induces chemoresistance in breast cancer cells by activating Wnt and Notch pathways

BackgroundHypoxic tumor microenvironment and maintenance of stemness contribute to drug resistance in breast cancer. However, whether Hypoxia-inducible factor-2 (HIF-2) in hypoxic tumor microenvironment mediates conversion to a stem cell phenotype and chemoresistance of breast tumors has not been elucidated.MethodsThe mRNA and protein expressions of HIF-1, HIF-2, Wnt and Notch pathway were determined using qRT-PCR and western blot. Cell viability and renew ability were assessed by MTT, Flow cytometric analysis and soft agar colony formation.ResultsIn our study, acute hypoxia (6-12h) briefly increased HIF-1 expression, while chronic hypoxia (48h) continuously enhanced HIF-2 expression and induced the resistance of breast cancer cells to Paclitaxel (PTX). Furthermore, HIF-2 overexpression induced a stem cell phenotype, the resistance to PTX and enhanced protein expression of stem cell markers, c-Myc, OCT4 and Nanog. Most importantly, Wnt and Notch signaling, but not including Shh, pathways were both activated by HIF-2 overexpression. Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1), a Wnt pathway inhibitor, and L685,458, an inhibitor of the Notch pathway, reversed the resistance to PTX and stem phenotype conversion induced by HIF-2 overexpression. In addition, HIF-2 overexpression enhanced tumorigenicity and resistance of xenograft tumors to PTX, increased activation of the Wnt and Notch pathways and induced a stem cell phenotype in vivo.ConclusionIn conclusion, HIF-2 promoted stem phenotype conversion and induced resistance to PTX by activating Wnt and Notch pathways.