XPS study of fluorinated carbon multi-walled nanotubes

Arc-produced carbon multi-walled nanotubes (MVvNTs) were fluorinated at 420 degrees C in a flow of diluted F-2 gas containing small admixture of HF gas. Fluorinated materials (F-MWNTs) with 10-55 wt.% fluorine content were studied by XPS. It was shown that fluorination begins at the external layers of nanotubes and the reaction front propagates inside the multi-layer particles in concert with structural deterioration of graphene layers. The C2F stoichiometry still allows MWNT wall integrity, similar to known for SWNTs. The fluorine contents in the product can noticeably exceed this higher fluorine limit for tube stability. The position of the F 1s line at 688.2 eV does not depend on the fluorine concentration. Nearly covalent C-F bonds dominate the F-MWNT samples, with a small quantity (2-9%) of ionic bonds also present. Fluorinated carbon tends to spatially separate from non-fluorinated carbon. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.