Health-related quality of life and metabolic control in immigrant and Italian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and in their parents

Objective To determine if the diabetes-specific health-related quality of life (D-HRQOL) of young people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and their parents is influenced by migrant status. Subjects and Methods One hundred and twenty-five patients (12.4 +/- 3.55 years, males 53.6%) with T1D and their parents (102 mothers, 37 fathers) were enrolled and categorized into: group A (both foreign parents) and group B (both native Italian parents). The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (TM) 3.0 Diabetes Module (PedsQL (TM) 3.0 DM) was used to evaluate the D-HRQOL. Data on diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at T1D onset, insulin therapy, and glycosylate hemoglobin (HbA1c) were also collected. Results Group A (n = 40), compared to group B (n = 85), had higher frequency of DKA at T1D onset (P < .001) and a lower use of sensor augmented insulin pump (P = .015). HbA1c values were higher in group A than in group B (P < .001). Patients' "Diabetes symptoms" (P = .004), "Treatment barriers" (P = .001), and "Worry" (P = .009) scales scores were lower in group A than in group B. Mothers of group A had lower scores in "Diabetes symptoms" (P = .030), "Treatment barriers" (P < .001), "Treatment adherence" (P = .018), "Communication" (P = .009) scales, and total score (P = .011) compared to the group B ones. High PedsQL (TM) 3.0 DM was significantly associated with being Italian, being prepubertal, and having lower HbA1c mean levels. Conclusions Being a migrant confers disadvantages in terms of D-HRQOL and metabolic control in children and adolescents with T1D. Specific educational interventions should be considered in the clinical care of patients with migration background, to improve D-HRQOL and health status.