Hop-by-hop traffic-aware routing to congestion control in wireless sensor networks

One of the major challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) research is to prevent traffic congestion without compromising with the energy of the sensor nodes. Network congestion leads to packet loss, throughput impairment, and energy waste. To address this issue in this paper, a distributed traffic-aware routing scheme with a capacity of adjusting the data transmission rate of nodes is proposed for multi-sink wireless sensor networks that effectively distribute traffic from the source to sink nodes. Our algorithm is designed through constructing a hybrid virtual gradient field using depth and normalized traffic loading to routing and providing a balance between optimal paths and possible congestion on routes toward those sinks. The simulation results indicate that the proposed solution can improve the utilization of network resources, reduce unnecessary packet retransmission, and significantly improve the performance of WSNs.