A Survey on Architecture, Protocols and Challenges in IoT

Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging paradigm which aims to inter-connect all smart physical devices, so that the devices together can provide smart services to the users. Some of the IoT applications include smart homes, smart cities, smart grids, smart retail, etc. Since IoT systems are built up with heterogeneous hardware and networking technologies, connecting them to the software/application level to extract information from large amounts of data is a complex task. In this paper, we have surveyed various architecture and protocols used in IoT systems and proposed suitable taxonomies for classifying them. We have also discussed the technical challenges, such as security and privacy, interoperability, scalability, and energy efficiency. We have provided an in-depth coverage of recent research works for every mentioned challenge. The objective of this survey is to help future researchers to identify IoT specific challenges and to adopt appropriate technology depending on the application requirements.