Validity of the Faces Anxiety Scale for the assessment of state anxiety in intensive care patients not receiving mechanical ventilation

Objectives: Anxiety is a commonly reported discomfort in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) but is rarely assessed routinely in a systematic manner. The main aim of this study was to assess criterion validity of the Faces Anxiety Scale in relation to the State-Anxiety Inventory (SAI) in intensive care patients able to respond verbally to the items in the SAI of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. It also reports on the severity of anxiety in intensive care patients not receiving mechanical ventilation. Methods: Nonventilated intensive care patients (n=100) self-reported anxiety levels on the Faces Anxiety Scale and on the SAI, administered in random order. Validity was examined using Spearman's p. Results: Patients had a mean age of 59.8 years and 65% were male; were in ICU for mainly cardiovascular, respiratory, and neurological diagnoses; and had median length of stay of 2.1 days. The correlation between the two scales was .70 (P <.0005), indicating good criterion validity. Patients reported low to moderate levels of anxiety on both the Faces Anxiety Scale and the Spielberger SAL Conclusion: The Faces Anxiety Scale is a valid single-item, self-report measure of state anxiety in intensive care patients that is easy to administer and imposes minimal respondent burden. It has the potential to be a useful instrument for the assessment of state anxiety by clinicians and for research into the reduction of anxiety in this vulnerable population. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.