Petrogenetic evolution of the Zhuopan potassic alkaline complex, western Yunnan, SW China: Implications for heterogeneous metasomatism of lithospheric mantle beneath Simao and western Yangtze block

Potassic alkaline rocks are instrumental in unveiling the composition and geodynamic evolution of mantle lithosphere. The Zhuopan alkaline complex, located in the western Simao block, SW China, exhibits features of high potassium, enrichment in LILEs, and depletion in HFSEs. These same elemental features and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions are also evident in the coeval clinopyroxenitic and syenitic rocks, indicating a comagmatic origin. In this paper, we present new data and discuss the petrogenesis of these rocks. We show that magmas parental to the Zhuopan alkaline complex are derived from highly enriched clinopyroxene-rich lithospheric mantle. These alkaline magmas emplaced in shallow crustal level and experienced crustal assimilation during ascent and through magma chamber processes. Pyroxenite is of cumulitic origin dominated by clinopyroxene and apatite. It formed at an early stage and received more effective crustal contamination. Pyroxene syenite, syenite and nepheline syenite are compositional mixture of variably evolved melt with incompletely segregated liquidus phases (e.g., clinopyroxene, biotite, alkali-feldspar, apatite, nepheline). An important observation is that the Dy/ Yb ratio, LILE and LREE abundances of the Zhuopan complex are significantly higher than those of the contemporaneous mafic volcanic rocks in the western Yangtze block, reflecting different sources and source histories. The lithospheric mantle beneath Simao and western Yangtze blocks must have been heterogeneously metasomatized by oceanic subduction-related fluids and melts. Particularly, the mantle source for the Zhuopan alkaline rocks exhibits feature of carbonatite metasomatism. This is further supported by our modeling where melts derived from marine carbonate play a crucial role.