Distribution and habitat associations of the critically endangered bird species of Sao Tome Island (Gulf of Guinea)

Sao Tome holds 20 endemic bird species, including the little known and "Critically Endangered' Dwarf Olive Ibis Bostrychia bocagei, Sao Tome Fiscal Lanius newtoni and Sao Tome Grosbeak Neospiza concolor. We conducted a systematic survey of the core forest area, performing 1,680 point counts and compiling occasional observations, which enabled the identification of new areas of occurrence for the target species. MaxEnt distribution modelling suggested that the ibis and fiscal have roughly half of the potential area of occurrence that had been assumed (127 and 117 km(2), respectively), while it more than doubled that of the grosbeak (187 km(2)). The south-west central region of the island, most of which is included in the Sao Tome Obo Natural Park, has the highest potential for the Critically Endangered birds. We confirmed the association of all target species with native forest. The ibis preferred high tree density, while the fiscal selected low tree density and intermediate altitudes. Despite very restricted ranges, population sizes seem to be larger than previously assumed. These results suggest that the fiscal and grosbeak might be better classified as 'Endangered', while the ibis should maintain its status under different criteria, due to a very restricted range during the breeding season. This work provides vital ecological knowledge to support conservation action focusing on these species and their habitats, highlighting the need to improve the effectiveness of the Sao Tome Obo Natural Park in protecting its unique biodiversity.