Ex-ante Agreements and FRAND Commitments in a Repeated Game of Standard-Setting Organizations

I study licensing and technology choice in standard setting. I find that there may be inefficient adoption of technologies, even when firms commit to a maximum royalty or price cap for the use of their patents. When firms interact repeatedly to develop standards, a commitment to set fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) royalty fees may lead to more efficient technologies and higher surplus for all parties. This result can explain why standard-setting organizations favor FRAND commitments over more structured licensing commitmentssuch as price capsand why there are been relatively few cases of hold-up in practice, even though such opportunistic behavior has been a primary cause of concern for innovation economists.