Seasonal Flux of Ice-Related Organic Matter During Under-Ice Blooms in the Western Arctic Ocean Revealed by Algal Lipid Biomarkers

Satellite observations and modeling data have suggested a significant increase in net primary production in the Arctic Ocean over the last decade due to retreating sea ice and the development of light availability caused by Arctic warming. Subsequently, under-ice blooms (UIBs) are being recognized as an important phenomenon from the traditional perspective. However, the role of sea-ice algae in UIBs is still unknown due to the limited availability of continuous observations. We analyzed data on primary producer-derived lipid biomarkers from sinking particles collected over 1 year using time-series sediment traps on the East Siberian Sea and Chukchi Sea slopes. Based on the seasonal changes in sympagic organic carbon derived from the data of the ice proxy (IP25) flux and pelagic biomarkers, such as highly branched isoprenoid trienes, epi-brassicasterol and dinosterol, a UIB was identified in summer 2018 on the East Siberian Sea slope. Compared to the nutrient distribution on the Chukchi Sea slope, the UIB on the East Siberian Sea slope might have been triggered by the nutrient supply. The estimated flux-weighted mean sympagic organic carbon value measured during the UIB period (May-August) was 1.04 mg m(-2) d(-1) on the East Siberian Sea slope, approximately five times greater than recorded that on the Chukchi Sea slope (0.23 mg m(-2) d(-1)) during the same period. Our findings suggest that the importance of sea-ice algae as primary producers has increased as the UIB phenomenon has become more important in the Arctic Ocean and that sea-ice environments face changes due to Arctic warming.