Impact of Self-Directed Learning and Educational Technology Readiness on Synchronous E-Learning

COVID-19 has had severe global impacts in many aspects of education. Asian countries and regions were the first to move entirely online. The aim of this paper is two-fold. First, this study investigates the correlations in order to understand the compound effects on presences in the participating synchronous learning environments. Second, this paper provides empirical evidence and insights for educators on the future trends of learning and instructional strategy in online teaching. This study investigated students' perceptions of synchronous e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic for the better design of the e-learning teaching pedagogy and determines how the key factors of e-learning perception are inter-correlated. The study has important implications on student readiness in educational technology, which is critical to implementing online learning.