Competition or collaboration? - Analysis of technological knowledge ecosystem within the field of alternative powertrain systems: A patent-based approach

In light of the transition towards a low-carbon economy and growing social demands for sustainable energy consumption, alternative powertrain systems, such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), have gained significance as a viable solution to revolutionize the dominant design logic of internal combustion engines (ICE) in automotive applications. By assuming that technological innovations emerge from the ability to recombine existing technologies, tracking and forecasting the technological knowledge interaction trajectory could assist experts and decision-makers in guiding their future R&D activities. To this end, a patent-based analysis framework is introduced to study the technological knowledge ecosystem of BEVs, HEVs and FCEVs in terms of technological knowledge flow (TKF). In this study, the principles of social network analysis are firstly used to quantify and visualize the connections among interacting technological knowledge areas. Secondly, link prediction technique is applied to predict the newly emerging and decaying links from a forward-looking perspective as well as the changing interrelationships among different technological knowledge areas. The findings show that the alternative powertrain systems form a cohesive technological knowledge ecosystem, pushing the underlying technological knowledge ecosystem to adopt a coopetition-based growth strategy. This study can provide valuable information for stakeholders interested in evaluating the evolving characteristics of alternative powertrain system technologies and offer an enhanced understanding on the technological competition in the automotive industry with regard to developing cleaner and more efficient mobility solutions. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.