Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Urine of Metal Carpentry Workers Can Be Diagnostic for Occupational Exposure to Low Level of Welding Fumes from Associated Metals

Simple Summary The main objective of this study is to investigate the association between biomarkers of human exposure to toxic elements and effect biomarkers of oxidative stress. The concentrations of eight toxic elements in the urine of metal carpentry workers were found to be higher than in those of controls. They were also associated with higher values of RNA and protein oxidative stress biomarkers, showing the presence of an oxidative stress condition linked to the occupational exposure, probably to the mixture of those elements that can accumulate in the body's tissues. In particular, the determination of urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine results are valuable support to identify those workers that can be defined as "occupationally exposed" to the used chemicals, among whom appropriate prevention measures and medical surveillance must be applied. Urinary concentrations of 16 different exposure biomarkers to metals were determined at the beginning and at the end of a working shift on a group of workers in the metal carpentry industry. Five different oxidative stress biomarkers were also measured, such as the oxidation products of RNA and DNA metabolized and excreted in the urine. The results of workers exposed to metals were compared to those of a control group. The metal concentrations found in these workers were well below the occupational exposure limit values and exceeded the mean concentrations of the same metals in the urine of the control group by a factor of four at maximum. Barium (Ba), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and strontium (Sr) were correlated with the RNA oxidative stress biomarker, 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo), which was found able to discriminate exposed workers from controls with a high level of specificity and sensitivity. The power of this early diagnostic technique was assessed by means of the ROC curve. Ba, rubidium (Rb), Sr, tellurium (Te), and vanadium (V) were correlated with the level of the protein oxidation biomarker 3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NO(2)Tyr), and Ba, beryllium (Be), copper (Cu), and Rb with 5-methylcytidine (5-MeCyt), an epigenetic marker of RNA damage. These effect biomarkers can help in identifying those workers that can be defined as "occupationally exposed" even at low exposure levels, and they can provide information about the impact that such doses have on their health.